The European Union and the Debate of Supremacy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1598 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The preliminary reference procedure under Article 267 of the TFEU (Treaty of Functioning of the EU [1957] means that if EU law is to be supreme it must have equal effect in all member states. In order to do this, the meaning and effect must be determined by the CJEU (Court Justice of the European Union). To avoid issues arising the Treaty provides this procedure so the National Courts can consult if necessary to the CJEU on issues covered only under Article 267 of Union Law. The principle of Article 267 procedure is to cooperate between the CJEU and the courts of MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. The CJEU has an important role to play, and interpret matters of EU law. They can be asked questions only on: interpretation of the treaties and validity of Acts of intuitions. The jurisdiction of the CJEU doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t extend any further than to questions put by the National Courts. The Treaty Article 267 works to set an alliance with the National Courts and the CJ EU, this is so a boundary is set which the CJEU powers and the National Courts apply. The use of Article 267 is intended to be of a harmonious nature, so that it is clear the CJEU interprets and the national courts apply. The objective of Article 267 is to create independence for National Courts, also at the same time prevent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a body of case law not in accord with the rules of Community Law from coming into existence in any Member Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [Case 107/76 Hoffmann La Roche v Centrfarm]. The purpose of the preliminary reference is to ensure correct interpretation of Community law in all MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Article 267 is essential for preserving Community character of the law established by the Treaty and has the obligation to see through that the law is the same in all MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s of the Community. It should be clear that the preliminary reference does not have the same function as an appeal. The National courts take the decision to refer t he case, and can refer questions to the CJEU to exercise their discretion on a certain matter of a case. The CJEU and the National court have set guidelines on when to refer a matter and the discretion that should be exercised. This is called the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Guidance on Referrals by National Courts for Preliminary Rulingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [1996]. The National Court will then decide whether it is necessary to send a reference. If the CJEU has already implied the answer needed from another case or it is irrelevant , or there is no scope of doubt as it is obvious and the same view would be shared in all courts of the MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, which is known as the French principle of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“acte clairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Then there will be no need to send a reference to the CJEU. An example of the preliminary reference procedure would be a conflict with a national law in a MS and union law. The National courts should submit questions to the CJEU to clarify how to apply the law co rrectly. The preliminary reference procedure is shown through the case of Costa V ENEL [1964] as the effectiveness of the PRP works essentially well but occasionally between the CJEU and National Courts there has been friction. Due to the National Courts submitting questions and not all questions being answered which was the case in Costa. The case of Costa v ENEL showed a conflict between a Treaty provision and also an Italian Statute privatising the company of which the defendant Costa was an investor. But at the time the Italian Law was at a later time than the treaty provision. In protest he refused to pay the bill which equated to  £1.10 in English currency. Costa argued that the company was in breach of EU law. The defendants argued à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Lex posterior; the Italian act nationalising the electricity company was later in time than the Italian Ratification Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . [Page 82 EU Law, Steiner Woods]. This was an Act which incorporated EU law with I talian Law. From thereon the Italian Court was obliged to absolve the national law in preference with EU law. The Italian court referred this matter to the CJEU. The Magistrates Court also referred the matter to the Italian Constitutional Court. The CJEU came to these conclusions which was to spilt the two arguments into two main groups.; those relating to the nature of the Union and those relating to the purpose of the Union. The Court had ruled partly in favour of the Italian government because of the Treaty of Rome rule on a factual market, this means that the Commission can challenge independently the Italian government. As Costa was an individual he didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have a legal standing to challenge that Treaty provision so it did not have direct effect. But as Costa rose a point of EC law against the national government in legal proceedings in the MS, the CJEU was against the views of the Italian government. The CJEU ruled that EC law would not be operative if Costa couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t challenge the national law on the foundation of its alleged inconsistency with EC law. Inside the time period of the referral to the CJEU the principle of Supremacy was clearly affirmed as cited by the first case Van Gend En Loos, to show supremacy but was not enforced until the ruling in Costa. From Van Gend the MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s had à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"limited their sovereign rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [judgment of Costa]. The CJEU went further on and looked at the Treaty under Article 288 which indicated that there had been a transmission of powers to the Union Institutions as Article 4 (3) states MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s commitment to observe union law. This shows the outcome of the case as the CJEU commented saying that national law should prevail over the earlier EU law. It was also noted by the CJEU Article 189 indicated a transfer of powers to Community Institutions. Under Article 5 it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"commits to observe EC lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The CJ EU said that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the transfer of the States from their domestic legal system to the Community legal system to the Community legal system of the rights and obligations arising under the Treaty carries with it a permanent limitation of their sovereign rights. against which a subsequent unilateral act incompatible with the concept of the Community cannot prevailà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Further on it was stated that Community law would be deprived of its character which the legal forum of the community would be held for questioning if other MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s could introduce national laws which had supremacy over Community Law. Finally, the CJEU overturned the Italian decision in Costa as it was established that MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s could not diverge from Community treaties without prior authorisation, the high courts would have to consult the CJEU before deciding an incompatibility between MS and EC law. The case set an central precedent for the supremacy of Community Law withi n the European Community and later the EU. The prevalent principle established from Costa is the enforcement of Supremacy, this means that EU law prevails over any conflicting provisions of national law and take precedence over national law if they have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"direct effectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [Europa.eu]. This shows that the preliminary reference procedure was now in full force and had to be applied in every state of Europe. It has shown effect in other cases such as Simmenthal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the full effectiveness of Community law would be impaired if a rule of national law could prevent a court from granting interim reliefà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [EU Law Steiner Woods]. Furthermore, the significance of the case as seen through the judgement provided two main outcomes to the case as seen earlier. It created a new legal order of an independent nature which limited the MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sovereign rights permanently, but in the Treaty there is no legal basis about this point. H owever, this shows that purpose of the Union and goals achieved will not be undermined., and also shows how EU law has become more effective. The effectiveness now becomes an element of the CJEU views and is rational which makes for a vast sway on the expansion of Union Law. Also, without the judgement in Costa, Community Law would fail to exist as it would be referred to as international law. Not until the time of the doctrine of supremacy did community law become truly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"supranationalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as was intended by the European Treaties. In the case of Costa v ENEL CJEU entered the political stage as the Court replaced the ruling of modus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"political integrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ with modus of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"legal integrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [Article: on the Importance of Contemporary Statement of Legal History]. Although, the Supremacy has found difficulty after the Lisbon Treaty [2009]to fit in to all pillars of EU law. But the effects of the argument due to costa apply equally in the Community pillar. In addition, the significance of the case has changed Europe as supremacy is evolving; the enlargement of the EU has given a new dimension to the supremacy debate in Europe. Constitutional courts of Central Eastern Europe Countries are elaborating their own doctrine on issues of relation between EU law and National law with special regard to National Constitutional provisions. Above all, the ratification process of EU constitutions is contributing to supremacy debate in the EU. Recent jurisprudence of Spanish and French Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s make a new primacy clause through supremacy and discussed a new structure of the constitutional treaty. The supremacy of EU is still an evolving and debating concept which has been given a new dimension through codification of Articles 1-6 of the EU constitution and jurisprudence of constitutional courts of the MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, this shows rapid development of the EU due to Costa. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The European Union and the Debate of Supremacy" essay for you Create order

Music Is It s An Explosive Expression Of Humanity

â€Å"I think music in itself is healing. It s an explosive expression of humanity. It s something we are all touched by. No matter what culture we re from, everyone loves music.† (Billy Joel). The world is very diverse. There are different cultures, different instruments, different religions, and different traditions. There is, however, one thing in common between almost every different civilization: music. If one listens to music from a foreign country, of a strange genre, in a foreign language, chances are they will be touched by the piece anyways. Without understanding of the lyrics, if any, the sounds, melodies, and harmonies still speak deeper than words. While a picture is worth a thousand words, a piece of music must be worth a million words. Martin Luther said, â€Å"Next to the Word of God, the noble art of music is the greatest treasure in the world.† (Luther, n.d.). Music stretches miles, unites millions, and moves many. But music affects people in more ways than one. Music affects the brain. Music has many different factors that play into the emotions or feelings. Tempo, time signature, key and tonality all have something to with the way the human brain receives and depicts the music. As much as music has an effect on the brain, it has an even bigger impact on actions and emotions. Lastly, certain synesthetes are affected by music even more than people without synesthesia. Synesthesia is the rare condition of senses getting themselves mixed up, occasionally causingShow MoreRelatedMusic Is It s An Explosive Expression Of Humanity746 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"I think music in itself is healing. It s an explosive expression of humanity. It s something we are all touched by. No matter what culture we re from, everyone loves music.† Billy Joel was right when he identified the best qualities of music; however, there are some problems caused by music as well. I personally think music is the number one societal problem in the world. 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Popular- Process Analysis Essay Free Essays

Popularity. Everyone, admitting or not, craves the positive attention from their peers and classmates. To be desired by those surrounding oneself and accepted amongst others is an inevitable side effect to the complete high school experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Popular- Process Analysis Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now No one goes to school with a want to be the out casted and sociopathic seeming student who has little to no friends; it could be said practically that teenagers lust for popularity. While some enter their school years with instant desirability, there are ways to make a popular being of oneself. The first step to becoming popular is to lose every ounce of self respect one could possibly maintain; thus creating an appearance of vulnerability which is more appealing to the widely admired crowd. This is because the lack of self respect makes one come across as a more easily persuaded being which is exactly what certain groups would look for in a person; solely because it’s easier to add an attention craving zombie to their clique, as opposed to someone who might actually stand for what they believe in. To quicken the effect of the first step one could simply give in and choose to agree or be willing to do whatever the desired clan asks or defines as cool. The aforementioned first step on the road to popularity may have but is not limited to these side effects: losing friendships, making regrettable mistakes, backhanded compliments, and loss of self confidence. Second on the journey to social inclination is kissing good grades goodbye! Popular people don’t have time for homework or extracurricular activities, and if one ever expects to reach that level of mass acceptance then grades should be forgotten or seen as extremely low importance. This way there will be plenty of class time to make jokes, a fool of oneself, and text friends. If time is managed wisely one could probably even make fun of their previous best friends and expose their weaknesses or insecurities to the rest of those with a more commonly craved reputation. Bad grades and hurting old friends is entirely worth the fame though, isn’t it? Lastly, to complete the transformation of popularity, trash the old reputation. Sure, it’s likely to be seen as a total wreck by most at this point, however there are probably a few people with some faith things could go back to their old and innocent ways. It’s best to eliminate that idea from their head. A few ideas on how to do that are: be provocative, publically disrespect parents, show anti-school spirit, and get caught committing some illegal act (stealing and vandalism are always some good ones). This should ensure that everyone knows just how important and deserve to be talked about one has come to be. Never stop there though; once the steps have been completed, one should continue to do crazy stupid things that will make them hallway gossip for weeks to come! In conclusion, everyone just wants to be wanted. It’s known to nearly every kid in a public school system, and it’s not uncommon to see ones classmates do ridiculous things for the attention of their peers. Yes, it’s impossible not to feel a need for wanting and social acceptance, it’s only human. However, it is possible to not go overboard on the need for idolization by those surrounding us. Popularity, in all honesty, is a drug more addictive than heroin, and we’re all abusing the use of it. Whether one enters their years in a school system with the support and companionship of many, or as an outcast in a social dry spell, the acceptance and acknowledgement of others can be achieved through other ways that allow not changing oneself to match another’s standard definition of popular. How to cite Popular- Process Analysis Essay, Essays

Byrons Poem Essay Example For Students

Byrons Poem Essay Should the upcoming stanza from Byrons poem be omitted from the final draft of the poem Many people ask this question because it could change the meaning of the poem entirely. Each individual needs to look at the entire poem and decide for himself and make a fair judgement. Then fare the well, FannyNow doubly undone,To prove false unto manyAs faithless to one. Thou art past recallingEven would I recall,For the woman once fallingForever must fall. This is a verse that was left out of Lord Byrons final draft of the poem When We Two Parted. It can thoroughly be argued whether or not this stanza should or should not have been taken out of the version of the poem that we read today. I personally feel that the verse should have been deleted from the poem for many reasons. First of all, I feel that once a poem mentions a name, it somehow loses some important meanings a symbolism for the reader. Also, a name can cause the general reader to no longer be able to relate and get the most out of the poem. In my opinion, it is really important for a reader to be able to relate what he is reading to his own life. This helps him to get a full understanding of what messages that the poem is trying to convey. The use of names in certain poems can make that task much more difficult for a reader to accomplish. In Byrons poem, Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster is the subject of his poem and he refers to her as Fanny in the verse of the final draft. I do not think that the poem loses any meaning because the stanza was left out of it. Actually, the first time I read the poem, I was really drawn to it because of all the emotions that were brought forth. An example of an emotion that was present in the poem comes from the second stanza. The dew of the morning Sunk chill on my brow- It felt like the warning Of what I feel now. In this part of the poem, Byron is referring to the sorrow that he is feeling because Fanny is no longer with him. He is mourning over her because she has passed away. Another aspect of this sorrow is that he cannot express his feelings openly because he and Fanny were the subject of gossip because it was thought that they were having an intimate affair. They did supposedly have a close relationship, but it was strictly a plutonic one. I also think that this is a very important reason as to why he decided to delete the verse out of his poem. Even though he is writing about a particularly important person from his life, the emotions of sadness and the feelings of despair are not lost because he decided not to mention Lady Francess name outright. In fact, because the name is not clearly mentioned in the poem, it allows someone who has experienced a similar loss in his or her life to really identify with the feelings that Byron is expressing in his poem. The reader can therefore take personal solace in the poems words and deal with the loss. It can also allow a person to release any of his pent up emotions. Honestly, when I noticed the footnotes and the missing stanza at the bottom of the page, I put the verse into the poem and it really did not have the same meaning and symbolism to me. This is due to the mentioning of Fanny. In my opinion, this puts a vast amount of distance between the poem and the reader. It does not allow the reader to feel the same emotions or be able to fully relate to the poem. Instead, the stanza causes the reader to express more feelings of empathy. I do not think that Byron wrote this poem in order to receive sympathy. .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6 , .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6 .postImageUrl , .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6 , .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6:hover , .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6:visited , .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6:active { border:0!important; } .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6:active , .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6 .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0e09219b2ba230a0be5e556e5ffa19e6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Victorian poetry EssayPersonally, that is the effect that the missing stanza had on me. On the contrary, I am sure that many people feel that the verse should not have been omitted from the final draft of the poem. This is because a lot of people feel that names can and do add a lot of symbolism and meaning to certain works. It is also argued that this is what Byron wrote and should have kept because it is his situation, his loss, his feelings, and his poem. This is what Byron wanted or intended with the poem. Maybe he needed to express himself in order for him to deal with his pain and his emotions. He could have written his poem not knowing whether or not anyone else would ever read it. Therefore, it really does not matter whether or not he chooses to put names in any of the poems. Byron is his time was a genius and it should not be up to the average read or critic who thinks he is some sort of demi-god by changing this brilliant master piece. Byron wanted that verse omitted so that’s the way it should be! This particular poem brought out hidden feeling and emotions that I didn’t think existed. However, with the use of the stated name, the poem lost some of its sentimental value.

Year Round Education Essays - Youth, , Term Papers

Year Round Education Imagine a child, on a hot summer day... no baseball, no swimming, no picnics or amusement park rides. Instead of spending time doing all of the things kids like to during summer vacations, this child, is attending school. Year round education (YRE) has been around since 1904, with 3,000 schools and 2 million students currently using the program (National Association). Students in year round schools go to school the same 180 days that traditional schools attend. In YRE, the summer vacation is eliminated, replacing it with shorter, more frequent breaks. There is a number of ways the year round school can operate, including: 90/30, 45/15, and 60/20. The most popular of these calendars is the 45/15, where the year is divided into 4 nine week terms, separated by 4 three week vacations (National Association). YRE has been a debated issue in education almost since it began. Supporters of YRE say this schedule improves the learning process. The biggest debate, however, comes from the parents and teachers who believe there are no proven studies that YRE helps the learning process at all. So, is year round schooling a good choice for the education of your children? YRE will not only hurt the education system, but it will create chaos for the lives of the students attending and their families. Supporters of YRE believe year round schools are more cost effective than traditional schools. With population in some districts rising rapidly, YRE is said to reduce overcrowding of schools and classrooms. In many cases, school calendars are changed in response to population growth. By running schools all year, districts can pack in more students and postpone building new schools (Endless Summer). Supporters of YRE say that by staggering vacations and schedules, schools can increase capacity by 25-50 percent (Should Kids go). Supporters argue that the costs for the transition form a traditional calendar to year round schools are modest compared to the construction costs of new schools (Inger, Morton). However, those against YRE feel that expenses will only be reduced temporarily. According to a "Year Round Education Study" conducted by the Lewisville, Texas Independent School District, "Findings of a year-long study concluded that there is no financial benefit to operating a Single Track System. The system would cause a modest increase in operational expenses without providing any instructional benefits" (Time to Learn). In Iowa, the Carroll School Board found that the costs of the district moving to a year round education system could range from $16,786 to $32,412. Taylor Elementary School, in Cedar Rapids, spends more money according to the classroom teachers that any other elementary school. Schools in Davenport reported that the switch to YRE will cost an additional $36,000 in salaries, $3000 per year for equipment, and supplies, and $22,300 as a one time expense for teacher training. Plus, the move to YRE would also cost the district an extra $92,626 to fully air condition the school building. In Des Moines, Moulten schools spend about $80,000 annually for year round schooling. If YRE were implemented, Indianola school districts would spend an additional $3,655 for middle school and $5,000 for elementary school to pay for the additional secretarial, administrative, and custodial time during the summer (Time to Learn). Costs will not only be incurred with the schools, but also with the state and with taxpayers. Cost savings for one of these groups may create cost increases for the other (Naylor, Charlie). Contrary to what supporters of YRE claim, there are definitely extra costs to implementing and maintaining a year round education system. Supporters of YRE say that year round schools would promote continuous learning. The belief is that students forget a lot of what they learn while on long summer vacations. This is seen more in slower learning students and for those who know English as their second language. It is also thought that because students retain more when the learning process is interrupted for only short periods of time, teachers in year round schools need to spend less time reviewing pre-vacation material (Inger, Morton). Although this seems true, opponents believe that there is research that needs to be addressed. Mary Lee Smith and Gene V. Glass have done extensive research in year round schools since 1974. In a study conducted by Smith and Glass, in a school district in Colorado, the learning loss in the students was evaluated. They found that although teachers in year round schools spent less time reviewing pre-vacation material than teachers in traditional schools did, the actual achievement differences were insignificant on tests designed specifically

Recommendations for Writing a Five-Paragraph Essay

Recommendations for Writing a Five-Paragraph Essay Five-Paragraph Essay: Basic Recommendations for Writing Among academic writing tasks, the five-paragraph essay is one of the simplest tasks. The main challenge here is a selection of topic. But for some students, it also can be different from formatting the text right or from conducting some research to provide the relevant info according to the essay topic But you need to keep in mind that the main thing here is to arrange the sentences logically in every paragraph. You have only 5 paragraphs, but usually, they allow disclosing the topic completely. The subject of your essay can be selected from the teacher’s suggestions, online examples or your own preferences. By the way, the examples, that are available online, can be not only the sources of inspiration but your templates as well. You can borrow the style, approach, topic, but you cannot copy the entire text as this is called plagiarism, which is forbidden. In academic writing, it is not accepted. Now you know the general facts about this type of writing. To start with, you should create an outline first to arrange a further writing process. As a rule, you will have to write an outline on your own, without any teacher’s help. Here’s an example for you: Abstract paragraph (in case you are writing in APA style). This part of the text should contain the main point of the essay (usually 3-5) and this paragraph should not be longer than 150-200 words. Introductory part. Make your first sentence catching to get the attention of the reader. Make a short outline of the further thoughts you are about to disclose in your essay. Point out the goals of your essay and the main statement you are about to prove. We advise mentioning your main thought, the theses in the last sentence of the introduction to make your reader intrigued and keep reading. This part will be the longest as this is where you put details and prove your points. You should provide here strong arguments to defend your point of view. We recommend conducting deep research before writing to get the cases of a decent level. Also, it would be wise to add at least one paragraph that will reveal the opposite point of view with proof why this point of view can or cannot exist. Considering that, your essay body may consist of three paragraphs to fit the 5-paragraph structure. It may be similar to abstract in length, but you should add here more than just a summary of the main points of your essay and the strongest arguments. You should rewrite the thesis of the paper and make some conclusions considering the presented info and thoughts. This can be some forecast, for instance. Or you may provide any other ideas that are appeared in your head after researching the topic. Depending on the chosen or required style, this part may be called â€Å"Reference page,† â€Å",† etc. But in any case, you should include here any sources of information you have used in your research, especially if you have cited any of them. Give credit to the books, articles, papers that have influenced your writing. Here’s an explanation of why this type of essay is called a five-paragraph essay. This is one of the common tasks that you can find on English language exams, like SAT, TOEFL, and IELTS. The similar structure with 5 parts is also used for general admissions essay writing. If you want to get the highest grades on your exam, you should study various style requirements to make sure that your approach fits them in any aspect. Also, keep in mind that you will have a restricted period of time for writing task. As a rule, you get no more than 50 minutes to complete the whole work. Your successful 5-paragraphs essay together with college admission can add more points to raise your chances for entering. Here are 5 main styles that could be chosen for writing an essay: Narrative; Argumentative; Expository; Persuasive; Cause Effect. Expository essays consist of 5 paragraphs and you need to conduct in-depth research to disclose the problem. You need to present examples and proofs that help to maintain the ideas of your essay, and you can find them in the relevant resources. You do not have to write your own opinion in this article. But you should provide a decent number of thoughts and arguments from the sources you have found. Narrative essays with 5 paragraphs refer more to the creative side of the student. You should not write here exclusively informative content. You can share your thoughts, experience and other information that you can come up without any additional sources - this essay helps in developing the writing skills required for college applicants. When you are assigned with argumentative or persuasive essays, you should know that they have a lot in common. First thing here is the 5-paragraph structure, for sure. But also the purpose of these essays is the same as you need to persuade the reader and provide strong arguments. When you have a 5-paragraph limit, you need to select arguments and thoughts carefully in order to provide the most relevant ones. Use trustworthy sources of information as well. Also keep in mind, that here you will have to follow the strict formatting requirements. Cause and effect essay can also consist of 5 paragraphs. It presents the events in a way that affect each other. Shortly speaking, you should write here about how two events are related. Ideas for Introductory Paragraph You need to hook your reader from the first sentence, so we have prepared some ideas for a strong start for your intro: add a quote; set a scene; cite words of well-known people; tell a joke; add a movie quote; ask a rhetorical question; ask a regular question; add a piece of poetry; use a metaphor; tell your personal story in 1-2 sentences. Or you can come up with your personal ideas. Tips for Body Paragraphs and Conclusion in 5-Paragraph Essay As soon as you have got the reader’s attention, you need to justify their time and provide an exciting and relevant body as well. Make sure that you can add to your essay strong arguments, relevant real-life examples, various points of views, etc. to disclose the topic and lead to the expected results. Keep in mind using the transition words as they help to move from one point to another smoothly. Use words like â€Å"moreover,† â€Å"finally,† â€Å"so as† etc. to connect the thoughts in your essay. The repetition of the theses will serve as a reminder to the readers why you are writing this essay. You can even try to end up with a provocative question or thought in order to leave a strong impression. Also, you can motivate readers to conduct a particular action like researching, debating and so on. The excellent choice of topic is defied when readers keep discussing it after reading the essay. Formatting Tips for a Five-Paragraph Paper Keep in mind that any essay should be formatted in a particular way. Check formatting matching along with grammar and plagiarism check. You need to format the reference page correctly as well. Check whether you have added the following info: the name of the author of the source; the name of the source; the publisher; the date of publishing. If you still not sure you can create a decent essay, ask for professional help. You can ask our expert to create a great essay to show you how things should be done.

Aldi’s Marketing Strategy

Aldis Marketing Strategy Aldi have made great strides in entering the UK grocery market. Please analyse Aldi’s current marketing strategy and provide recommendations for how Aldi can enhance their marketing strategy to gain a greater share of the UK Grocery Market. Introduction Marketing in simple terms can be described as offering a right product at a right place at the right time and with a right price. The Management Gurus emphasise on the four Ps of marketing which are often called the marketing mix. These four Ps are Product, Place, Price and Promotion. Marketing mix is an important tool to make an efficient marketing plan for a successful product offering. These four Ps of marketing mix can help achieving the business targets of sales, profit and consumer satisfaction. The essay examines marketing strategies of a German supermarket chain named Aldi, in the UK. The paper is divided in to four sections. The first section gives a brief history about Aldi. The second section talks about its positio n in the UK market. The third section analyses the marketing strategy of Aldi on the basis of the four Ps. The last section gives recommendations on marketing strategies for the future growth of the company in UK market. A brief history of Aldi Aldi, one of the world’s largest privately owned companies, is a grocery supermarket chain with a base in Germany. The name Aldi has come from the abbreviation of Albrecht (family name) Discount. The business started in 1913 with a food store in the town called Essen in Germany. By 1960s this family business was expanded to 300 stores in Germany and that is when the business was separated into two groups Aldi Nord (North) with a headquarter in Essen and Aldi SÃ ¼d (South) with a headquarter in MÃ ¼lheim an der Ruhr (Emsell, 2011). The business was separated over a disagreement on whether to sell cigarettes in the stores or not (Ruddick, 2012). These two organisations now operate independent to each other. On international levels, Ald i Nord operates in Portugal, Denmark, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, Spain, and Poland. Aldi SÃ ¼d is functional in Ireland, United Kingdom, Hungary, Switzerland, Australia, Austria and Slovenia and United States of America with over 8000 stores in total (Aldi UK website, 2015). Aldi in the United Kingdom Taylor and Lee (2007) have stressed the adverse effects on the international buyer behaviour due to cultural disparities. KPMG (2014) states that the shopping culture in UK is associated with the quality and not necessarily with price. It further mentions that higher level of customer services is one of the main attributes of this culture. That is the reason why in spite of the dominance of the ‘big four’ -Tesco, Sainsbury’s, ASDA and Morrison’s – M&S and Waitrose have done huge investments in the grocery industry. However Aldi has not only managed to attract the customers in the UK by overcoming the hurdles but also has acquired a signi ficant market share. Table 1- Market share of Supermarkets in the UK in March, 2015 Supermarket Market Share (In %) Tesco 28.4 ASDA 17.1 Sainsbury’s 16.4 Morrison’s 10.9 The Co-operative 6.0 Aldi 5.3 Waitrose 5.1 Lidl 3.7 Iceland 2.1 Source: BBC, 2015

Royal Mint Production Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Royal Mint Production Management - Case Study Example It is clear that Royal Mint wants to establish itself as a low cost producer through economies of scales i.e. Mass Production at a reduced cost. Companies plan and forecast the demand according to the future needs of the market. Forecasting demand assists in decision making with respect to investment in plant and machinery, market planning and future sales. Some of the popular forecasting methods include In this Case, Royal Mint Estimates the demand on Time series basis. In the UK, the Treasury contracts with Royal Mint on an annual basis for the likely requirements for coin in 12 months. The Mint meets every three months with executives from the UK clearing banks to discuss their currency requirements in the shorter term. These estimates are then updated at weekly planning meetings and the demand is forecasted and Royal Mint follows a Just in time work schedule. Based on these estimates, the raw material is procured and safety stock is maintained. Agile manufacturing is the ability to accomplish rapid changeover between the manufacture of different assemblies. Rapid changeover is further defined as the ability to move from the assembly of one product to the assembly of a similar product with a minimum of change in tooling and software. Rapid changeover enables the production of small lot sizes, allowing for just-in-time' production. Inventory Control - Safety Stock Inventory control is a planned approach of determining what to order, when to order and how to order and how much to stock so that costs associated with buying and storing are optimal without interrupting production and sales. Safety stock is an important measure to be calculated regarding inventory. This ensures efficient purchasing, storing, consumption and accounting for materials. This also ensures that there is no shortage of product and there is adequate supply of product to customers. This improves delivery time and increases the reliability measure of a company. Inventory Control must be established to avoid huge accumulation of inventory. The Order level and Order quantity must be estimated prior to avoid shortages and reduce the customer lead time. These estimations in practical aspects are not accurate to the core. The estimations might be either higher or in some cases below the exact demand. To avoid this discrepancy, Safety stock is determined. In order to ensure that additional stock is maintained to meet the customer demand, the Safety stock level can be calculated as per the following formula. Safety stock = (Maximum Lead time - Normal Lead time) * Consumption rate Q2.Explain the criteria which the Mint will need to take into account when it designs newcoinage. The criteria which

The Movie Disclosure as a Depiction of Office Politics Essay

The Movie Disclosure as a Depiction of Office Politics - Essay Example The plot starts to develop when tom sanders (Michael Douglas) misses a promotion opportunity which ended up being given to his ex girlfriend Meredith (Demi Moore) instead. The new boss tries to rekindle the relationship by aggressively urging Tom to reconsider. Tom is steadfast in refusing her advances since he is happily married and now a family man. Tom has a momentary lapse of judgment, and almost gives in to Meredith’s advances, but quickly recovers rejecting her. This prompts Meredith to get back at him by falsely accusing him of sexual harassment. This .leads to tom being offered an ultimatum of being fired or being reassign. However, Tom fights for his innocence and various twists in the plot characterize the rest of the film. The film was captivating for the whole length and the twists that characterize the film keep the audience movie e interested. The film was fascinating and kept me glued on the screen until the end. The movie is a depiction of the reality of sexual harassment in the workplace. The movie elicited strong feelings from the audience in that there were mixed reactions on the issues explored by the film. The movie impressed critics, and the audience with its twists and the gripping storyline on sex and power in the office. The cast was also commended for their brilliant displays in bringing the film to life through their roles. The role of Demi more as the villain was commended in that she portrayed the role of a dreadful boss brilliantly. The movie also had a negative reaction from viewers in that some factions felt that the film was too graphical. They also felt that the plot was only used to justify the explicit scenes that characterized the film. The reaction of the audience was mixed in terms of interest in the film, since the film had astonishing financial success totaling over $200 million. The movie was commended for shedding light into the unethical practice that individuals go through in the workplace. It took the social responsibility of addressing the social issue of sexual harassment in the workplace. The cast was well picked, and they fit into their roles with ease. The plot was a complex one, but the cast did a remarkable job in bringing out the issue being addressed in the film. The leading characters were brilliant throughout the film, and Michael Douglas did an outstanding job in playing the role of a victimized employee. He relates brilliantly with the dilemma that victims of sexual harassment face especially if they are subordinates in a working environment. Demi Moore is believable in her part as the villain in the movie. She depicts the role of an abusive and powerful boss who is aggressive and does not accept being denied her desires. She empowers the women in her role in that she exudes power. The directing of the film was nevertheless found wanting in that the movie lacked the creative passion. The director was seen to be trying too hard to strengthen his credentials in the film indus try. Nevertheless, he is successful at bringing out the conflict and dilemma brought about by the story. The movie’s plot was taken from the book Disclosure by Michael Crichton. The plot was largely borrowed from the story in the book, making the two works largely similar. There are, however, differences in that the movie is more engaging and brings to life the plot of the book. The story is clearly brought

Problems of the Bangladesh Ready Made Garment sector Essay Example for Free

Problems of the Bangladesh Ready Made Garment sector Essay In recent time it is argued that the crisis in the Ready Made Garment (RMG) sector is not only limited to the wages and allowances of the workers. Productions and exports of the factories have decreased and the price of the apparels is decreasing in the international market. The owners of this industry allege that, the supply of gas and electricity is not continuous, because of which they are to use generators to keep the production process of the factories uninterrupted, resulting in the increasing cost of productions. But it is urgent to reduce the cost of production to comply with the foreign buyers demand and the competitive international price. Moreover, serious and untoward incidents in the form of chaos and confusions are frequent in this sector on the basis of rumours and petty demands of the workers. It has become a way of frequently destroying factories by spreading news of misbehaviour of the factory owners with the workers. Even if such allegations are true, it cannot also be denied that there occur frequent abnormal deaths of workers in the garments factories. Major shocking incidents like the collapse of Rana Plaza in Savar on April 24 2013 killing 1130 workers and crippling about another 1500 of 2438 rescued alive and with about 316 missing. Fire incidents in Tazreen Fashions in Ashulia on November 24 2012 killed at least 112 workers. It is also alleged that kidney diseases are widespread among the garments workers as they are discouraged to drink water during duty hours, since this may cause them to repeatedly go to the urinal causing a loss to work time. In fact the garments workers sweat their blood in producing garments in the factories and it is alleged that for months after months the owners do not come to the factories; the factories are usually run by the salaried officials who habitually misbehave with the hard working labourers of the factories. It is immoral to consume the fruits of the workers by sitting idle without their consent; although it is usual in capitalism that its highest executives spend their time sitting on public committees, and have to have deputies to do their work (Lewis, W. Arthur, 1954, Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour). In the face of movements of the apparels workers for raising wages and other demands in 2006, the Export Development Bureau and Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) sources said that apparels prices in the international market are gradually falling. Available statistics show that apparels prices increased gradually from the year 1994-95 to 2000-01 with a slight fall in the year 1995-96 compared to the immediate past year after which price jumped. Then from the year 2001-02 prices fell continuously without break up to the last available year 2009-10 (July to November). This caused the apparels owners unwilling to accept Taka 5,000 from Tk. 1662 as minimum wage suggested in the New Wage Structure 2010 for the garments workers, because this will, in their view, adversely affect the garments sector. The owners proposed Taka 2,513 as minimum wage for the second time in 2010. Afterwards government interventions made the BGMEA accept the New Wage Structure July 29 2010 with Taka 3,000 as minimum wage. If it is just, there is no question; but if unjust, in that case Al Quran reads: Woe unto the defrauders, those who when they take the measure from mankind demand it full, but if they measure unto them or weigh for them, they cause them loss (Quran, 83:1-3). Recently, after the collapse of the Rana Plaza, the government has decided to form a Wage Board to look after the minimum wages of the apparels workers with possible annual increases in that. The Garments Owners claim that, a certain quarter has started hatching conspiracies to destroy the RMG sector of the country. The external miscreants by intruding the RMG establishments in the guise of workers have started misdeeds. They are being instigated and used by certain interested quarters from outside. The concerned parties have identified six causes behind their attempts to destroy the RMG sector. These are: (a) The foreign buyers recent inclination to Bangladesh, (b) The instigation of some external powers, (c) The assistance of local influential quarters and the so called labour leaders, (d) The intrusion of the jutting outs miscreants in to the garments factories, (e) The differences of opinions of the political miscreants centering the occupation of the Jhut sector, and (f) The internal feud among the labour leaders. The actual workers have no affiliations with these factors and the garments establishments are getting jobs these days. May be there are conspiracies to harm the RMG sector of Bangladesh. But when the disturbances in this sector erupt tens of thousands of workers come down on the streets which are pictured in the national and international electronic and print media. It is illogical to conclude that all of them are miscreants. There may be some who fan the fire of discontents in the minds of the deprived workers. If the workers are satisfied with and had there been no serious discontents in their minds about what is going on in this sector, it would have been almost impossible to drag down on the streets tens of thousands of innocent content workers by a single or a series of mobile calls of the miscreants from out side; and at the same time the disguised miscreants inside the factories could do little harm to this sector. Our habit is to expect too much from law and law enforcing agencies. We forget that they have some natural limits to their capacities. They can at best suppress the problems for the time being but not permanently cure the actual problems prevailing in the factories. It is the owners of the factories who can play the pivotal role in bringing about peace in the factories by allowing the workers their due share to their produce in the form of satisfactory wages and allowances by cutting down the excess greed for profiteering and the workers active participations in decisions making. It is not permissible by good sense to earn excessive profits by coercing the workers by the owners or by the purchasers of apparels by foreign rich buyers. Good sense prefers to advise the business community to ascertain a mid-course between the highest and the lowest margin of profits for success of this industry like any other industry. The garments owners will have to understand that the minimum wage of a garments worker is Taka 3,000. Actually new wage rate is basically Taka 2,000, of the remaining Taka 1,000, Taka 800 is house rent allowance and Taka 200 is medical allowance, which like other allowances are not usually included in the basic wage/pay in any other services. The minimum basic pay excluding other allowances for a government employee is Taka 6,545). It is difficult for the workers to survive with this meagre amount of money under the prevailing high prices of daily necessities. As a result suppressed despair and discontent is naturally there in the minds of the workers which burst out from time to time, as we see, in the factories causing unrest and disturbances. To control this is beyond the capacity of the law enforci ng agencies and the government cannot and should not always shoulder such selfish interests and responsibilities of the private factory owners at ublic costs even though the factory owners pay taxes. They are to solve their own problems by consoling the workers by allowing them satisfactory wages, security and congenial working environments. Governments can at best assist them in these regards. It is also alleged that, some interested international quarters are hatching conspiracies to divert the attention of the buyers from the Bangladesh apparels industry. These interested quarters want widespread unrest should spread and prevail in this industry so that the buyers rush to them for buying apparels and become beneficiaries. Under different pretext the rival competing countries are deeply feeding fuel behind different movements of the garments workers to engage in destructive activities such as breaking of and torching spree to garments factories. It is also alleged that the factories which are being broken now, their wages and allowances are satisfactory, id est. he compliance factories are being mainly targeted for attack. Garments owners and exporters also allege that, in the name of just wages for the workers some private organizations are instigating the workers to create trouble in the factories. The officials of these Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) spread discontent among the workers under different pleas and they send the news of such unrest to even different international media. Such news makes the foreign buyers worried in this peak period (Mach-August) and the buyers may turn their face from Bangladesh. If under such circumstances workers unrest spread wide, the garments sector will not survive. So in the prevailing circumstances, owners and exporters of apparels have been thrown into panic. The BGMEA leaders claim that, the wage payments of the workers in factories have not been stopped even in the period of international recession. They say: presently it is the occupiers of Jhut trading, along with other problems, which create unrest in the garments industries not the actual workers. Leader of the Combined Garment Workers Federation (CGWF) maintains that, the problems can be solved through mutual understanding and not by shutting down the factories. The CGWF leader indicates that there are some pending problems of the actual workers also in the garments factories. These problems are to be solved by the factory owners either individually at the factory level or collectively at the sector level as a whole, so that the national and international self seekers cannot utilize the innocent workers to serve their heinous designs. On the other hand, some of the privileged labour leaders of the garments industries frequently or occasionally visit various foreign countries under the patronage of some interested national and international quarters. They have amassed huge amount of money and property and ride costly cars. They are also accused of blackmailing both the factory owners and the workers of this sector and causing disturbances that erupt from time to time in this successful sector of the Bangladesh economy. However, we want an end to the recently become shaky condition of the Bangladesh RMG sector and it to stand erect with factory owners own consciousness and sense of responsibility and active surveillance and assistance of the government to this vital sector directly employing 4. 0 million workers, 20 million people indirectly depending on it and earning about US$19 billion foreign exchange per annum amounting to about 78% of total foreign exchange earnings of the economy, so that it does not has to accept the fate of the once prosperous jute industry of the country.

The Three Major Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Essay -- Sociolo

Introduction Sociologists develop theories to explain and analyze society at different levels and from different perspectives. Sociologists study everything from the micro level of analysis of small social patterns to the â€Å"big picture† which is the macro level of analysis of large social patterns. Sociologists employ three major theoretical perspectives in sociology today. They are the structural-functionalist perspective, the conflict perspective, and the symbolic interactionism. The structural-functionalist perspective is done at a macro level and its focus is on the relationships between the parts of society. The Conflict perspective is done at a macro level and its main focus is on how the wealthy controls the poor and weak. Symbolic Interactionism is done at a micro and it focuses on the use of symbols and face to face interactions. Structural-Functionalist Perspective The structural-functionalist perspective looks at society as a complex system composed of various parts much like a living organism. Each aspect of society contributes to society's functioning as a whole. Social institutions play a key role in keeping a society stable. All societies need certain things to survive (Newman 2010). Auguste Comte (Newman 2010) pointed out the need to keep society unified as many traditions were diminishing. He created the term sociology. Auguste Comte suggests that sociology is the product of a three-stage development. Talcott Parson (Parsons 1951) sees society as a collection of systems within systems Parson determined that each individual has expectations of the other's action and reaction to his own behaviour, and that these expectations would be derived from the accepted norms and values of th... ...analyzing a social issue because neither of the perspectives solely addresses all the possibly circumstances of an issue. Works Cited Durkheim, Emile. 1915. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life: A Study in Religious Sociology. Translated by Joseph Ward Swain. New York: Macmillan. Goffman, E. 1959. The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Double Day Parsons, Talcott. 1951. The Social System. Glencoe, IL: Free Press. Newman, David N.2010. Sociology: exploring the architecture of everyday life. Mead, G. H. 1934. Mind, self and society and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Merton, Robert K. 1957. Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: Free Press. Mills, C. W. 1956. The power elite. New York Oxford University Press. Weber, M. 1947. The theory of social and economic organization. New York: Free Press.

How Does the Writer Tell the Story in the Road Pages 24-7 Essay

The narrative in Pages 24-7 is based on the main character taking his son to see the old house he lived in. It consists of generally a sad tone because he is reminiscing his past and how he has lost it all. This part of the novel begins neutrally, but with an apocalyptic atmosphere to it, which is demonstrated through the use of no punctuation. McCarthy also uses short sentences through these pages, which gives a robotic sense – ‘The man stopped.’ This idea is also reflected in the title ‘The Road’; almost as if the journey is just on one set path. This takes us away from the blur of the novel and brings us to a stark reality, The climax in this part of the novel is when McCarthy describes the character’s bedroom, in which he uses detailed description – ‘In the nights in their thousands to dream the dreams of a child’s imaginings’, and then goes on to open the closet door. Again, we are brought back to reality when he expects to see his childhood things and instead is faced with ‘raw cold daylight’. The page ends circling back to the beginning ‘We shouldn’t have come’, which is what the b oy said at the beginning. Therefore, there is a sense of resolution. The form of these pages is retrospective narrative punctuated by flashbacks over a period of 40 years. As the narrative is from 3rd person perspective, the anonymity of ‘the man’ prevents a connection being made between the reader and the character. This also suggests that, because his name is never mentioned, a sense of being lost is portrayed. Additionally, the constant flashbacks used contribute to the idea that the days are blurring together. Again, this adds to the apocalyptic theme because there is no sense of prediction due to the only clear parts of the novel are the moments of reality when we are brought back from the flashbacks. McCarthy does this as an effective way of showing the character’s thought process. The main use of language McCarthy uses is to set the negative tone of being in a lost, almost sad and lonely world. Again, he does this by using short, snappy sentences and a lot of the dialogue used includes questioning. This could refer to the boy’s confusion of the situation, as he seems quite young and naà ¯ve – ‘We should go Papa, can we go?’ Moreover, this suggests that he needs reassurance, and perhaps that there is a glimmer of hope in the situation, which perhaps could foreshadow to what could happen later on in the novel. We can also learn that the man doesn’t want to return from his old home as he agrees to leave but then doesn’t, which connotes that he misses how things used to be in his old home. The rhythm in this part of the novel goes on and on through McCarthy’s use of short sentences and questions, which almost leaves the reader feeling out of breath and as if ‘The Road’ and its journey is ongoing. In conclusion, McCarthy uses a range of techniques to tell the story from Pages 24-27 to generally contribute to the main themes within the novel, such as death and the ‘end of the world’.

Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the trend of self medication among youngsters. Methods: A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collected was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics. Data analyzed done using chi-square test to check the associations among variables. Results: The result shows that the number of youngsters participated in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall response is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate youngsters.By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication. Qualification and understanding own illness is not independent. Lack of time is found to be a fact that males do self medication more often then females the trend towards self medication is increasing day by day. Conclusion: Sel f medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22. The reason is lack of time or not consulting to the doctor.Need to educate the youngsters to avoid such practice majority know that self medication is incorrect and some time cause side effect. Key words: Self medication, youngsters, trend, prescription. 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the study Self-medication is defined as obtaining and using medicine without the suggestion of a doctor either for diagnosis. Drugs for self-medication are normally name as ‘nonprescription' or ‘over the counter' (OTC) and are obtainable without advice of doctor's through chemists. Self medication is nowadays gradually being considered as a self-care component.Support of self-care is seen as give patients' every view to take accountability and create self-confidence in their ability to deal with their own health. Unlike other characteristics of self-car e, self-medication involves the use of medicines and medicines have the potential to do better as well as cause harm. This is mainly concern to these countries where there is lack of enforcement of system leading to accessibility of non prescription medicines over the counter like Pakistan. This results in extensive use of such drugs which is related with serious undesirable effects.Numerous cases studies have stated that unsuitable self-medication outcomes in wastage of resources and causes serious health hazard such as unwanted drug reactions, prolonged suffering and drug dependence. When the medication correctly done, self-medication might be save the time which spent in waiting to see a physician, may be cost-effective and also propose savings for medical schemes and the general healthcare system. The WHO has also pointed out that dependable self-medication can help patient and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper option for treating common dis eases.With self-medication, the person tolerates primary accountability for the use of self-medication products. All parties concerned in self-medication should be attentive of the advantages and disadvantages of any self-medication product. Through many studies have been conducted in different populations to appraise the practice of self-medication there is a scarceness of studies on self-medication among university and medical students. To enhance our knowledge we carry on this agenda and targeted the youngsters to find out the practices of self-medication in youngsters of Karachi.This study is conduct on trend of Self-medication in youngsters of Karachi. Self medication trend is continuously increasing in youngsters. This study might be helpful to determine the rate of self medication in youngster of schools, colleges and universities of Karachi. This study also explores the injurious effects of self medication, causes for not discussing with the doctor and general issues for whi ch students rely on self medication. Self-medication is the healing of general health issues with drugs particularly proposed and labeled for utilize without any medical prescription and permitted as safe and useful for such medical issues.To enhance our information, we conduct this study in Karachi and especially target the youngsters to evaluate self medication in the youth. In Karachi, approximately every chemist sells medicines without a prescription of doctor; a phenomenon seen in many is developing countries. Self medication is a part of health care and it is measured as initial public health source in system of health care. Use of non-prescription medicines by people on their own initiative is a part of self medication and it is in common practice in youngsters for common issues related to their health.Self medication also encompasses the use of the medicines by the users for self perceived health problems or the continuing use of medications formally prescribed earlier. Furt her broading of the definition includes treatment of family members especially to minor and elderly. Adverse effects of self medication Its very common in our society that whenever we catch a cough, flu or any common disease we have fixed a prescription in our mind and we do self-medication in such situations. We ask any of our friends or neighbors who prescribes the medicine which was effective for him.We do these types of things but the main thing we forget in all this is going to a doctor. Some adverse effects of self-medication are as follows. Insomnia Due to self-medication you can face the problem of insomnia. Insomnia is a sleeping disorder this is very common now a days and one of the major reason to insomnia is self-medication. When this problem occurs again open you medicine box and do self-medication again for this problem too. This worsens your problem. When you take one type of medicine again and again you may addicted to it and you also get dependent on such medicines. Skin problems When you involve in self medication you will get some skin problem or any other allergy due to reaction of medicine. Skin problem that occur due to self-medication are itching and redness on your skin. Depression People who have a habit of taking medicines which relax them that people facing the problem of depression. Many people self-medicate themselves to get relax without the advice of doctor. This type of habit may cause serious problem and no one can deny the effects of this self-medication addiction. Skin problems through creams and lotionsSelf-medication is does not only mean to in take such medicines. Self-medication can also be using lotion or cream on your skin without the advice of doctor. This type of self medication can also cause many skin problems. 1. 2 Objective of the study The Aim/objective of this study is to determine the trend of Self medication among youngsters. 1. 3 Problem statement Although self-medication being an issue of global concern, espe cially in Pakistan self medication is very common and rising day by day. Literate people involve in the practices of self medication more than illiterate people.This study includes some general aspects of self medication to identify the frequency of self medication among the youngsters. 1. 4 Hypothesis Ho1. 4. 1:self medication among youngsters and age are independent. Ha 1. 4. 1:self medication among youngsters and age are not independent. Ho1. 4. 2: self medication among youngsters and gender are independent. Ha 1. 4. 2: self medication among youngsters and gender are not independent. Ho1. 4. 3: self medication among youngsters and qualification are independent. Ha 1. 4. : self medication among youngsters and qualification are not independent. 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Trends of Self-Medication According to Khalid (2010) in our country Self medication is an average. The counter sales of nearly all medicine are available without any prescription or regulation this is one of the majo r factor probably contributing to this phenomenon. In the practice of our dermatology, we commonly meet patients with acne infections due to use of topical self medication. The prevalence of self medication is extensively high in the acne infections patients in our residents.The most frequently used medication was potent topical steroids. 2. 2 Self-Medication practices According to Shankar et al (2002) Mild illness is the most common reason of self-medication which is mentioned in the literature, prior knowledge of treating related disease, lack of availability of healthcare personnel and financial considerations. Analgesics and antimicrobial are commonly used for self medications. In addition to allopathic medicines,  herbal medicines were also usually used for self-medication. 2. 3 Reasons for self-medication practiceAccording to Almasdy et al, (2011) Among university students the major reason for self-medication were their prior experiences and the majority of the authors agree d with this major reason of self medication, their health problems was measured as too insignificant and time savings. Family or friends guidance, non availability of transport, doctor was not available, capability to self-manage the symptom, urgency of the problem and have adequate information were other main reasons for self-medication practice.Have reported that the main reasons to self-medication practice among university student were lack of time and low cost consultation. 2. 4 Demographic characteristics and prevalence of self medication practice According to Hussain et al. (2011) many of these researches mentioned the mean age of undergraduates was under 25 years old. This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate students. In manner of sexual characteristics, prevalence of the undergraduates who have involved in self-medication is female.Three of these researches have been engaged to undergraduates majoring in equally health and non-health courses, while two of the studies have engaged to undergraduates simply majoring in health, and the rest did not revealed the field of the undergraduates involved in the studies. Frequency of self-medication observed among the university student was diverse. The occurrence of self-medication reported was mainly depend on how the query was created in the questionnaire.For example, the occurrence reported was authentic, if the question was concerned to the modern practice of self-medication. On the contrary, when asked whether the students had used any medication for the past one month, the incidence reported was low. However, some studies did not report the prevalence of self medication. Due to the difference in the methods used in studies, therefore, it is quite difficult to estimate the true prevalence rate of self-medication in university students. 2. 5 Benefits and Risks of Self Medication According to Carmel M et al. 2001) Practices of self-care for mild illnesses are increasingly encouraging by some governments, including self-medication. Support of self-care is observed as giving all probability to patients to take accountability and construct confidence in their capability to control their own health. Patient confidence is observed as a helpful step in the improvement of the correlation between patient and healthcare provider and is described as an significant health policy model. 2. 6 In? uences on Knowledge and Attitudes about Prescription Drugs among Teens.According to Twombly et al, (2008) escalating precise information about the hazards of recommended medicines misuse is expected to reduce misuse. In fact, there is an inverse relationship between level of perceived risk and likelihood of use when it comes to teenagers’ willingness to misuse prescription drugs. 2. 7 Symptoms leading to self-medication According to Zafar et al. (2008) Approximately in Pakistan, everyone can get medicine without any prescription, mostly pharmacy selling medicines without a d octor advise; this incident observed in every developing nations.Even, antibiotics and high potential medicines are easily available to the common man. The common practices of self-medication among undergraduates is leading to the main symptoms of self-medication were headache or mild pain; fever; flu, caught and cold; and diarrhea. Others symptoms includes allergy, skin problems, inability to sleep, vomiting, eye and ear symptoms, menstrual syndrome and others minor problems. This case study shows the outcome of the Pakistani youth's information, mind-set, and practice towards self medication. 2. 8 Sources of drug informationAccording to Hussain et al, (2008) in this research, the author explains sources of drug information in self-medication practice. In this research statement shows that the undergraduates obtain access to drug information from many resources. Which is relate to their own earlier experience, family, contacts or university course mates, pharmacy sales representati ve, doctor or nurse, and advertisement in the television, radio, newspaper, magazine or books. 2. 9 Problems-related to self-medication practices According to James et al, (2006) a new important findings significance of elf-medication highlighted in this literature was the effect of health instruction on the knowledge of drug’s side-effects amid the self medicating undergraduates. Calculate the effect of exposure to medical knowledge to equally the first year and senior medical undergraduates. The research exposed that troubles linked with self-medications were fewer in senior medical undergraduates as contrast to the first year students. Less awareness of medical information may be reason to the low self-assurance of the first year medical students 2. 0 Self -Medication among university students According to Mumtaz et al, (2011) Self medication mounting the probability of illegal use of medicine and medicine addiction and due to this the symptoms of disease are underlying th us are complicating the problem, produce drug resistance and create difficulty to diagnosis. On the other side many of people involved in self medication who accept accountability and are cautious is a source saving phenomenon to the health system. Easy accessibility of the medicine by the counter sales increases self medication.Self medication is a phenomenon and practiced almost in the countries all over the world with different prevalence. In the low and middle income countries, commonness of self medication is higher. This research is explained that the educated people tend to practice self medication more than uneducated peoples. According to this research the frequency of self medication among undergraduates of medical and non medical is nearly 80%. This study endorses earlier reported local estimates of self medication among university students. . 11 Self-Medication in Nigeria According to Fadare et al, (2011) now a day’s Self-medication is growing in the population ma ny counties as a common type of self-care behavior. Many global researches have explored the frequency and characteristics of self-medication practices at the resident’s level. In Nigeria, many studies conduct to find the frequency of self-medication in general; still the frequency of antibiotic self-medication among medical undergraduates has not been conducted.The interest in studying this practice among this select group is due to the fact that they are the future prescribes and health educators of the population of Nigeria. 2. 12 Evaluation of Self-Medication According to SD Sontakke et al, (2011) The World Health Organization has also identified that proper self-medication can help patients and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper substitute for treating common diseases. With self-medication, the person takes primary accountability for the use of self-medication products.Every individual must be aware of advantages and disadvantages of self medication products who involved in self-medication practices . however many researches has been conducted in different populations to assess the frequency of self-medication there is a paucity of studies on self-medication among medical students. Support of self-care is considered as providing patients' every opportunity to construct self-confidence in their capability to control their own health. Unlike other aspects of self-care, self-medication involves the use of drugs and drugs have the potential to do good as well as cause harm. . 13 Self-medication in Sri lanka According to Wijesinghe et al, (2012) Self medication growing with increasing literacy and it is even appreciated so as to have self-sufficiency for healing, preventive , primitives and rehabilitative care . If done properly, it is helpful to save expenses of health care seekers. therefore, considering the usefulness of self-medication, the World Health Organization (WHO) has focused to develop strategy for regul atory estimation of the medicines suitable for self-medication. he frequency of Self-medication is very familiar among women, youngster, those individuals who living alone and the individuals who belongs to low financial status (SES), sufferers of chronic ailments and psychiatric conditions. Many researches in Sri Lanka were conducted to city areas which have well built-up health and hospitals networks. Substitute indicators such as self-medication prevalence for malaria indicate that self-medication is relatively low in rural areas. 2. 14 Self-Medication pattern in Punjab According to S Shveta et al, (2011) the frequency of self medication practices is common in the state.Fever, cough and cold are reasons for the use of self-medication. The most common drugs which is commonly used for self-medication is tonics and food supplements and it is taken frequently without prescription. We recommend that holistic approach should be taken to prevent this problem, which contain correct knowl edge and information regarding the self medication and strictness concerning pharmaceutical marketing. Furthermore especially in case of Punjab state ban must be implemented on counter sale of medicines. Dispensing modes in the state required to be enhanced by proper education, regulatory and administrative strategies. . 15 Self-Medication in Children’s According to Oshikoya et al, (2007) medicine use in children is of great anxiety worldwide and has received a lot of attention. Various researches have been performed in the urbanized and developing countries, and have all the countries faced many problems from mistreat and abuse of recommended medicines, and errors of medications. Children include a larger percentage of the residents in developing countries and are responsible to many illnesses as a effect of poverty. The majority of medicines in children are used outside of hospitals, both as recommended and non- recommended medicines.The primary reply by the majority famili es too many diseases in their children has been found to be use of non-prescribed medicines . Self-medication is very common among urban children in Nigeria. The presented laws concerning the use and sale of over the counter medicine, prescribed and non-prescribed drugs must be reinforced to ensure normal use of medicines. 2. 16 Self-medication practices for drug consumers According to Andualem et al, (2004) On Socio-demographic the respondents concealed the characteristic of drug consumers consist of all age category like both genders, pregnant women and breast-feeding mothers.Self-medication illnesses that reported very commonly in the respondents were headache, fever, cold, respiratory tract infection and gastrointestinal diseases. Education for the self-medication should be provided to public as well as health care providers ;i. e; this type of illnesses can be easily self-treated and diagnosed and the drug products to be used in promoting the responsible self-medication. 2. 17 Self-medication in West Uttarpradesh According to Ghosh et al, (2010) some students reported that they were alcoholic, smoker or involve in some chronic problems i. . non-communicable diseases, they have less awareness about the medicines that they use with smoking, alcohol or suffer problems with chronic diseases. Non-seriousness related to the disease is the most common reason reported for self-treated and for self-medication, previous experience on the medicine and emergency use. 2. 18 Assessment of Self-medication According to Sawalha, (2007) In An-Najah students the preference of self-medication in very common. Practice of treating this condition is done either simple or by previous experience.Even important self-medication predictors did present in the studied group, types of medications knowledge on the level of self-care orientation can be significant in analyzing the self-medication practices. 2. 19 Health care strategies According to Haider et al, (1995) treatment from som e medical systems found in majority of cases. Health care behavior for childhood illnesses and assessment of the degree and the reasons for self-medication assess in Karachi, Pakistan. The main reason is the good past experience of self-medication. he main reason is the use of different medicines by health professional that influence the parents for self-medicate to their children. Self-medication is hard to reduce but some information can be made to discourage wrong use of harmful drugs. 2. 20 Self-medication (WHO). According to WHO (1988) The WHO pointed that Self medication can help and treat illness that does not require any consultation of medication and provides a cheaper option for treat such common diseases. Yet, the person bears basic responsibility for the use of self-medication products.Due to self-medication products parties should be aware about the benefits and risks of self-medication. 3 METHADOLOGY This part presents an overview of the methods to be used in the study . Areas covered in this part include data collection, variables, sample and sampling techniques and model for analyzed the data. 3. 1 Data In this study primary data is used for gathering information. A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collection was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics.Data analyzed complete using chi-square test to check the associations between variables. 3. 2 Variables Variables used in this study are 1. Age 2. Gender 3. Qualification 3. 3 Sample and Sampling techniques Convenience sampling techniques is use to select respondents from Gulshan-e-iqbal area. A convenience sample of 100 participants was taken. A questionnaire was distributed among participants after explaining the background of the study and objective. 3. 4 Model The model we are used. To summarize the questionnaires we used statistical model of chi-square.According to Zafar et al (2008) the author used Chi-square in his study. 4 RESULT Table: 1 QUALIFICATION v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 29. 354| 0. 007| Reject| SELF MEDICATION| 6. 425| 0. 6| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 11. 48| 0. 321| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 16. 431| 0. 37| Accept| HIGH FEES| 7. 423| 0. 492| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 12. 461| 0. 132| Accept| DANGEROUS| 10. 582| 0. 221| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 12. 285| 0. 139| Accept| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 16. 846| 0. 032| Reject| It is found that the chi-square and sig. alue shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the qualification shows that self medication (0. 6), prescribe (0. 321), lack of time (0. 37), high fees (0. 492), side effects (0. 132), dangerous (0. 221), youngsters (0. 139) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the qualification Table: 2 GENDER v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 6. 053| 0. 195| Accept| SELF MEDICATION| 3. 334| 0. 504| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 9. 368| 0. 095| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 14. 038| 0. 007| Reject| HIGH FEES| 2. 38| 0. 71| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 5. 008| 0. 286| Accept| DANGEROUS| 8. 898| 0. 064| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 2. 356| 0. 671| Accept| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 1. 361| 0. 851| Accept| It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the gender that My illness (0. 195), self medication(0. 504), Prescribe (0. 095)high fees(0. 71),side effects(0. 286), dangerous(0. 064), youngsters(0. 671), Communication chain (0. 851) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the gender. Table: 3 AGE v/s VARIABLESDESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 12. 914| 0. 115| Accept| SELF MEDICATION| 7. 128| 0. 523| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 7. 612| 0. 667| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 9. 468| 0. 304| Accept| HIGH FEES| 12. 789| 0. 119| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 2. 677| 0. 953| Accept| DANGEROUS| 11. 182| 0. 192| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 19. 388| 0. 013| Reject| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 15. 794| 0. 045| Reject| It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the age that my illness (0. 115), self medication (0. 23), prescribe (0. 667), lack of time (0. 304), high fees (0. 119), side effects (0. 953), dangerous (0. 192) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the age. 5 DISCUSSION In the light of the literature review self medication is a most common practice. In this study mostly males involve in self medication. The number of youngsters participate in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall reply is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This shows that the greater part of the samples was undergraduate youngsters.In term of gender, majority of the youngsters who adept self-medication are males. Moreover, the sampling methods were varied among the studies, range from conv enience. The trend of self-medication is high in undergraduate youngsters as compared to the inter and metric level youngsters. Mostly Youngsters have a preference of self-medication, 63% of undergraduates, 18% of inter and only 19% of metric youngsters involve in self medication. By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication.Qualification and understanding own illnesses are not independent. So we accepted alternative hypothesis. Increasing communication chain is also one of the major reasons of increment of self medication in well qualified too. The above data was found to be good sufficient to maintain from literature review that the trend towards self medication is increasing literally. 6 CONCLUSION Self medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22.The reason is lack of time or not consulting to the doctor. Need to educate the youngsters to avoid such practice majority know that self medication is incorrect and some time cause side effect. 7 BIBLOGRAPHY Almasdy Dedy & Azmi Sherrif , (2011 ), Self-Medication Practice with Nonprescription Medication among University Students: a review of the literature, Archives of Pharmacy Practice, Vol 2, No 3, pp 95-100. Andualem Tenaw, B. Pharm, BA, et al, (2004), SELF-MEDICATION PRACTICES IN ADDIS ABABA: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY, Ethiopia Journal health science, Vol 14, No 1, pp 1-11.Carmel M, Hughes; McElnay, James C; Fleming, Glenda F. , (2001), Bene? ts and risks of self medication, Drug Safety, Vol 24, No 14, pp 1027-1037. Fadare Joseph O & Igbiks Tamuno, (2011), Antibiotic self-medication among university medical undergraduates in Northern Nigeria, Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, Vol 3, No 5, pp 217-220. Ghosh Sourav, Vikas, Vimal, et al, (2010), Evaluation of the practice of self medication among college students in west U ttar Pradesh, International Journal of Pharma Professional's Research, Vol 1, No 1, pp 14-18.Haider S, Thaver IH, (1995), Self medication or self care: implication for primary health care strategies, J Pak Med Assoc, Vol 45, No11, pp 297-298. Hussain Azhar, Asifa Khanum,(2008), Self medication among university students of Islamabad, Pakistan- a preliminary study, Southern Med Review, Vol 1, No 1, pp 14-16. Hussain Shahzad, Farnaz Malik, Kazi Muhammad Ashfaq, et al , (2011), Prevalence of self-medication and health-seeking behavior in a developing country, African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Vol 5 , No 7, pp 972-978 James Henry, Shailendra S, Handu Khalid A.J, et al, (2006), Evaluation of the knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among first-year medical students, Med Princ Practice, Vol 15, No 4, pp 270-275. Khalid Tanzeela, Tariq Iqbal, (2010),Trends of self medication in patients with acne vulgarus, JUMDC, Vol 1, No 1, pp 10-13. Mumtaz Yasmin, S. M. Ashraf Jahangeer, Tahira Mujtaba, et al, (2011), Self Medication among University Students of Karachi, JLUMHS, Vol 10, No 3, pp 102-105. Oshikoya K A, O F Njokanma, J A Bello, et al, (2007), Family self-medication for children in an urban area of Nigeria , Paediatric and Perinatal Drug Therapy, Vol 8, No 3, pp 124-130.S Shveta, Jagmohan S, (2011), A study of self medication pattern in Punjab, Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice, Vol 4, No 2, pp 43-46. Sawalha, Ansam F, (2007), Assessment of self-medication practice among University students in Palestine: Therapeutic and Toxicity Implications, The Islamic University Journal (Series of Natural Studies and Engineering), Vol 15, No 2, pp 67-82. SD Sontakke, Bajait CS , Pimpalkhute SA, et al, (2011), Comparative study of evaluation of self-medication practices in first and third year medical student, International Journal of Biological ; Medical Research , Vol 2, No 2, pp 561-564.Shankar PR, P Partha and N Shenoy, (2002), Self-medication and no n-doctor prescription practices in Pokhara valley, Western Nepal: a questionnaire-based study, BMC Family Practice, Vol 3, No 17, pp 1-7. Twombly Eric C ; Kristen D. Holtz, (2008), Teens and the Misuse of Prescription Drugs:Evidence-Based Recommendations to Curb a Growing Societal Problem, J Primary Prevent, Vol 29, No 18, pp 503–516. WHO, (1988), The role of pharmacist in self-care and self-medication, Netherland.Wijesinghe R Pushpa, Ravindra L Jayakody, Rohini de A Seneviratne, (2012), Prevalence and predictors of self-medication in a selected urban and rural district of Sri Lanka, WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health, Vol 1, No 1, pp 28-41. Zafar Syed Nabeel, Reema Syed, Sana Waqar, et al, (2008), Self medication amongst university students of Karachi: prevalence, knowledge and attitudes, J Pak Med Assoc, Vol 58, No 4, pp 214-217. http://apps. who. int/medicinedocs/pdf/whozip32e/whozip32e. pdf Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the trend of self medication among youngsters. Methods: A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collected was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics. Data analyzed done using chi-square test to check the associations among variables. Results: The result shows that the number of youngsters participated in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall response is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate youngsters.By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication. Qualification and understanding own illness is not independent. Lack of time is found to be a fact that males do self medication more often then females the trend towards self medication is increasing day by day. Conclusion: Sel f medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22. The reason is lack of time or not consulting to the doctor.Need to educate the youngsters to avoid such practice majority know that self medication is incorrect and some time cause side effect. Key words: Self medication, youngsters, trend, prescription. 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the study Self-medication is defined as obtaining and using medicine without the suggestion of a doctor either for diagnosis. Drugs for self-medication are normally name as ‘nonprescription' or ‘over the counter' (OTC) and are obtainable without advice of doctor's through chemists. Self medication is nowadays gradually being considered as a self-care component.Support of self-care is seen as give patients' every view to take accountability and create self-confidence in their ability to deal with their own health. Unlike other characteristics of self-car e, self-medication involves the use of medicines and medicines have the potential to do better as well as cause harm. This is mainly concern to these countries where there is lack of enforcement of system leading to accessibility of non prescription medicines over the counter like Pakistan. This results in extensive use of such drugs which is related with serious undesirable effects.Numerous cases studies have stated that unsuitable self-medication outcomes in wastage of resources and causes serious health hazard such as unwanted drug reactions, prolonged suffering and drug dependence. When the medication correctly done, self-medication might be save the time which spent in waiting to see a physician, may be cost-effective and also propose savings for medical schemes and the general healthcare system. The WHO has also pointed out that dependable self-medication can help patient and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper option for treating common dis eases.With self-medication, the person tolerates primary accountability for the use of self-medication products. All parties concerned in self-medication should be attentive of the advantages and disadvantages of any self-medication product. Through many studies have been conducted in different populations to appraise the practice of self-medication there is a scarceness of studies on self-medication among university and medical students. To enhance our knowledge we carry on this agenda and targeted the youngsters to find out the practices of self-medication in youngsters of Karachi.This study is conduct on trend of Self-medication in youngsters of Karachi. Self medication trend is continuously increasing in youngsters. This study might be helpful to determine the rate of self medication in youngster of schools, colleges and universities of Karachi. This study also explores the injurious effects of self medication, causes for not discussing with the doctor and general issues for whi ch students rely on self medication. Self-medication is the healing of general health issues with drugs particularly proposed and labeled for utilize without any medical prescription and permitted as safe and useful for such medical issues.To enhance our information, we conduct this study in Karachi and especially target the youngsters to evaluate self medication in the youth. In Karachi, approximately every chemist sells medicines without a prescription of doctor; a phenomenon seen in many is developing countries. Self medication is a part of health care and it is measured as initial public health source in system of health care. Use of non-prescription medicines by people on their own initiative is a part of self medication and it is in common practice in youngsters for common issues related to their health.Self medication also encompasses the use of the medicines by the users for self perceived health problems or the continuing use of medications formally prescribed earlier. Furt her broading of the definition includes treatment of family members especially to minor and elderly. Adverse effects of self medication Its very common in our society that whenever we catch a cough, flu or any common disease we have fixed a prescription in our mind and we do self-medication in such situations. We ask any of our friends or neighbors who prescribes the medicine which was effective for him.We do these types of things but the main thing we forget in all this is going to a doctor. Some adverse effects of self-medication are as follows. Insomnia Due to self-medication you can face the problem of insomnia. Insomnia is a sleeping disorder this is very common now a days and one of the major reason to insomnia is self-medication. When this problem occurs again open you medicine box and do self-medication again for this problem too. This worsens your problem. When you take one type of medicine again and again you may addicted to it and you also get dependent on such medicines. Skin problems When you involve in self medication you will get some skin problem or any other allergy due to reaction of medicine. Skin problem that occur due to self-medication are itching and redness on your skin. Depression People who have a habit of taking medicines which relax them that people facing the problem of depression. Many people self-medicate themselves to get relax without the advice of doctor. This type of habit may cause serious problem and no one can deny the effects of this self-medication addiction. Skin problems through creams and lotionsSelf-medication is does not only mean to in take such medicines. Self-medication can also be using lotion or cream on your skin without the advice of doctor. This type of self medication can also cause many skin problems. 1. 2 Objective of the study The Aim/objective of this study is to determine the trend of Self medication among youngsters. 1. 3 Problem statement Although self-medication being an issue of global concern, espe cially in Pakistan self medication is very common and rising day by day. Literate people involve in the practices of self medication more than illiterate people.This study includes some general aspects of self medication to identify the frequency of self medication among the youngsters. 1. 4 Hypothesis Ho1. 4. 1:self medication among youngsters and age are independent. Ha 1. 4. 1:self medication among youngsters and age are not independent. Ho1. 4. 2: self medication among youngsters and gender are independent. Ha 1. 4. 2: self medication among youngsters and gender are not independent. Ho1. 4. 3: self medication among youngsters and qualification are independent. Ha 1. 4. : self medication among youngsters and qualification are not independent. 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Trends of Self-Medication According to Khalid (2010) in our country Self medication is an average. The counter sales of nearly all medicine are available without any prescription or regulation this is one of the majo r factor probably contributing to this phenomenon. In the practice of our dermatology, we commonly meet patients with acne infections due to use of topical self medication. The prevalence of self medication is extensively high in the acne infections patients in our residents.The most frequently used medication was potent topical steroids. 2. 2 Self-Medication practices According to Shankar et al (2002) Mild illness is the most common reason of self-medication which is mentioned in the literature, prior knowledge of treating related disease, lack of availability of healthcare personnel and financial considerations. Analgesics and antimicrobial are commonly used for self medications. In addition to allopathic medicines,  herbal medicines were also usually used for self-medication. 2. 3 Reasons for self-medication practiceAccording to Almasdy et al, (2011) Among university students the major reason for self-medication were their prior experiences and the majority of the authors agree d with this major reason of self medication, their health problems was measured as too insignificant and time savings. Family or friends guidance, non availability of transport, doctor was not available, capability to self-manage the symptom, urgency of the problem and have adequate information were other main reasons for self-medication practice.Have reported that the main reasons to self-medication practice among university student were lack of time and low cost consultation. 2. 4 Demographic characteristics and prevalence of self medication practice According to Hussain et al. (2011) many of these researches mentioned the mean age of undergraduates was under 25 years old. This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate students. In manner of sexual characteristics, prevalence of the undergraduates who have involved in self-medication is female.Three of these researches have been engaged to undergraduates majoring in equally health and non-health courses, while two of the studies have engaged to undergraduates simply majoring in health, and the rest did not revealed the field of the undergraduates involved in the studies. Frequency of self-medication observed among the university student was diverse. The occurrence of self-medication reported was mainly depend on how the query was created in the questionnaire.For example, the occurrence reported was authentic, if the question was concerned to the modern practice of self-medication. On the contrary, when asked whether the students had used any medication for the past one month, the incidence reported was low. However, some studies did not report the prevalence of self medication. Due to the difference in the methods used in studies, therefore, it is quite difficult to estimate the true prevalence rate of self-medication in university students. 2. 5 Benefits and Risks of Self Medication According to Carmel M et al. 2001) Practices of self-care for mild illnesses are increasingly encouraging by some governments, including self-medication. Support of self-care is observed as giving all probability to patients to take accountability and construct confidence in their capability to control their own health. Patient confidence is observed as a helpful step in the improvement of the correlation between patient and healthcare provider and is described as an significant health policy model. 2. 6 In? uences on Knowledge and Attitudes about Prescription Drugs among Teens.According to Twombly et al, (2008) escalating precise information about the hazards of recommended medicines misuse is expected to reduce misuse. In fact, there is an inverse relationship between level of perceived risk and likelihood of use when it comes to teenagers’ willingness to misuse prescription drugs. 2. 7 Symptoms leading to self-medication According to Zafar et al. (2008) Approximately in Pakistan, everyone can get medicine without any prescription, mostly pharmacy selling medicines without a d octor advise; this incident observed in every developing nations.Even, antibiotics and high potential medicines are easily available to the common man. The common practices of self-medication among undergraduates is leading to the main symptoms of self-medication were headache or mild pain; fever; flu, caught and cold; and diarrhea. Others symptoms includes allergy, skin problems, inability to sleep, vomiting, eye and ear symptoms, menstrual syndrome and others minor problems. This case study shows the outcome of the Pakistani youth's information, mind-set, and practice towards self medication. 2. 8 Sources of drug informationAccording to Hussain et al, (2008) in this research, the author explains sources of drug information in self-medication practice. In this research statement shows that the undergraduates obtain access to drug information from many resources. Which is relate to their own earlier experience, family, contacts or university course mates, pharmacy sales representati ve, doctor or nurse, and advertisement in the television, radio, newspaper, magazine or books. 2. 9 Problems-related to self-medication practices According to James et al, (2006) a new important findings significance of elf-medication highlighted in this literature was the effect of health instruction on the knowledge of drug’s side-effects amid the self medicating undergraduates. Calculate the effect of exposure to medical knowledge to equally the first year and senior medical undergraduates. The research exposed that troubles linked with self-medications were fewer in senior medical undergraduates as contrast to the first year students. Less awareness of medical information may be reason to the low self-assurance of the first year medical students 2. 0 Self -Medication among university students According to Mumtaz et al, (2011) Self medication mounting the probability of illegal use of medicine and medicine addiction and due to this the symptoms of disease are underlying th us are complicating the problem, produce drug resistance and create difficulty to diagnosis. On the other side many of people involved in self medication who accept accountability and are cautious is a source saving phenomenon to the health system. Easy accessibility of the medicine by the counter sales increases self medication.Self medication is a phenomenon and practiced almost in the countries all over the world with different prevalence. In the low and middle income countries, commonness of self medication is higher. This research is explained that the educated people tend to practice self medication more than uneducated peoples. According to this research the frequency of self medication among undergraduates of medical and non medical is nearly 80%. This study endorses earlier reported local estimates of self medication among university students. . 11 Self-Medication in Nigeria According to Fadare et al, (2011) now a day’s Self-medication is growing in the population ma ny counties as a common type of self-care behavior. Many global researches have explored the frequency and characteristics of self-medication practices at the resident’s level. In Nigeria, many studies conduct to find the frequency of self-medication in general; still the frequency of antibiotic self-medication among medical undergraduates has not been conducted.The interest in studying this practice among this select group is due to the fact that they are the future prescribes and health educators of the population of Nigeria. 2. 12 Evaluation of Self-Medication According to SD Sontakke et al, (2011) The World Health Organization has also identified that proper self-medication can help patients and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper substitute for treating common diseases. With self-medication, the person takes primary accountability for the use of self-medication products.Every individual must be aware of advantages and disadvantages of self medication products who involved in self-medication practices . however many researches has been conducted in different populations to assess the frequency of self-medication there is a paucity of studies on self-medication among medical students. Support of self-care is considered as providing patients' every opportunity to construct self-confidence in their capability to control their own health. Unlike other aspects of self-care, self-medication involves the use of drugs and drugs have the potential to do good as well as cause harm. . 13 Self-medication in Sri lanka According to Wijesinghe et al, (2012) Self medication growing with increasing literacy and it is even appreciated so as to have self-sufficiency for healing, preventive , primitives and rehabilitative care . If done properly, it is helpful to save expenses of health care seekers. therefore, considering the usefulness of self-medication, the World Health Organization (WHO) has focused to develop strategy for regul atory estimation of the medicines suitable for self-medication. he frequency of Self-medication is very familiar among women, youngster, those individuals who living alone and the individuals who belongs to low financial status (SES), sufferers of chronic ailments and psychiatric conditions. Many researches in Sri Lanka were conducted to city areas which have well built-up health and hospitals networks. Substitute indicators such as self-medication prevalence for malaria indicate that self-medication is relatively low in rural areas. 2. 14 Self-Medication pattern in Punjab According to S Shveta et al, (2011) the frequency of self medication practices is common in the state.Fever, cough and cold are reasons for the use of self-medication. The most common drugs which is commonly used for self-medication is tonics and food supplements and it is taken frequently without prescription. We recommend that holistic approach should be taken to prevent this problem, which contain correct knowl edge and information regarding the self medication and strictness concerning pharmaceutical marketing. Furthermore especially in case of Punjab state ban must be implemented on counter sale of medicines. Dispensing modes in the state required to be enhanced by proper education, regulatory and administrative strategies. . 15 Self-Medication in Children’s According to Oshikoya et al, (2007) medicine use in children is of great anxiety worldwide and has received a lot of attention. Various researches have been performed in the urbanized and developing countries, and have all the countries faced many problems from mistreat and abuse of recommended medicines, and errors of medications. Children include a larger percentage of the residents in developing countries and are responsible to many illnesses as a effect of poverty. The majority of medicines in children are used outside of hospitals, both as recommended and non- recommended medicines.The primary reply by the majority famili es too many diseases in their children has been found to be use of non-prescribed medicines . Self-medication is very common among urban children in Nigeria. The presented laws concerning the use and sale of over the counter medicine, prescribed and non-prescribed drugs must be reinforced to ensure normal use of medicines. 2. 16 Self-medication practices for drug consumers According to Andualem et al, (2004) On Socio-demographic the respondents concealed the characteristic of drug consumers consist of all age category like both genders, pregnant women and breast-feeding mothers.Self-medication illnesses that reported very commonly in the respondents were headache, fever, cold, respiratory tract infection and gastrointestinal diseases. Education for the self-medication should be provided to public as well as health care providers ;i. e; this type of illnesses can be easily self-treated and diagnosed and the drug products to be used in promoting the responsible self-medication. 2. 17 Self-medication in West Uttarpradesh According to Ghosh et al, (2010) some students reported that they were alcoholic, smoker or involve in some chronic problems i. . non-communicable diseases, they have less awareness about the medicines that they use with smoking, alcohol or suffer problems with chronic diseases. Non-seriousness related to the disease is the most common reason reported for self-treated and for self-medication, previous experience on the medicine and emergency use. 2. 18 Assessment of Self-medication According to Sawalha, (2007) In An-Najah students the preference of self-medication in very common. Practice of treating this condition is done either simple or by previous experience.Even important self-medication predictors did present in the studied group, types of medications knowledge on the level of self-care orientation can be significant in analyzing the self-medication practices. 2. 19 Health care strategies According to Haider et al, (1995) treatment from som e medical systems found in majority of cases. Health care behavior for childhood illnesses and assessment of the degree and the reasons for self-medication assess in Karachi, Pakistan. The main reason is the good past experience of self-medication. he main reason is the use of different medicines by health professional that influence the parents for self-medicate to their children. Self-medication is hard to reduce but some information can be made to discourage wrong use of harmful drugs. 2. 20 Self-medication (WHO). According to WHO (1988) The WHO pointed that Self medication can help and treat illness that does not require any consultation of medication and provides a cheaper option for treat such common diseases. Yet, the person bears basic responsibility for the use of self-medication products.Due to self-medication products parties should be aware about the benefits and risks of self-medication. 3 METHADOLOGY This part presents an overview of the methods to be used in the study . Areas covered in this part include data collection, variables, sample and sampling techniques and model for analyzed the data. 3. 1 Data In this study primary data is used for gathering information. A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collection was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics.Data analyzed complete using chi-square test to check the associations between variables. 3. 2 Variables Variables used in this study are 1. Age 2. Gender 3. Qualification 3. 3 Sample and Sampling techniques Convenience sampling techniques is use to select respondents from Gulshan-e-iqbal area. A convenience sample of 100 participants was taken. A questionnaire was distributed among participants after explaining the background of the study and objective. 3. 4 Model The model we are used. To summarize the questionnaires we used statistical model of chi-square.According to Zafar et al (2008) the author used Chi-square in his study. 4 RESULT Table: 1 QUALIFICATION v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 29. 354| 0. 007| Reject| SELF MEDICATION| 6. 425| 0. 6| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 11. 48| 0. 321| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 16. 431| 0. 37| Accept| HIGH FEES| 7. 423| 0. 492| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 12. 461| 0. 132| Accept| DANGEROUS| 10. 582| 0. 221| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 12. 285| 0. 139| Accept| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 16. 846| 0. 032| Reject| It is found that the chi-square and sig. alue shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the qualification shows that self medication (0. 6), prescribe (0. 321), lack of time (0. 37), high fees (0. 492), side effects (0. 132), dangerous (0. 221), youngsters (0. 139) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the qualification Table: 2 GENDER v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 6. 053| 0. 195| Accept| SELF MEDICATION| 3. 334| 0. 504| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 9. 368| 0. 095| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 14. 038| 0. 007| Reject| HIGH FEES| 2. 38| 0. 71| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 5. 008| 0. 286| Accept| DANGEROUS| 8. 898| 0. 064| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 2. 356| 0. 671| Accept| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 1. 361| 0. 851| Accept| It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the gender that My illness (0. 195), self medication(0. 504), Prescribe (0. 095)high fees(0. 71),side effects(0. 286), dangerous(0. 064), youngsters(0. 671), Communication chain (0. 851) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the gender. Table: 3 AGE v/s VARIABLESDESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 12. 914| 0. 115| Accept| SELF MEDICATION| 7. 128| 0. 523| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 7. 612| 0. 667| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 9. 468| 0. 304| Accept| HIGH FEES| 12. 789| 0. 119| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 2. 677| 0. 953| Accept| DANGEROUS| 11. 182| 0. 192| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 19. 388| 0. 013| Reject| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 15. 794| 0. 045| Reject| It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the age that my illness (0. 115), self medication (0. 23), prescribe (0. 667), lack of time (0. 304), high fees (0. 119), side effects (0. 953), dangerous (0. 192) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the age. 5 DISCUSSION In the light of the literature review self medication is a most common practice. In this study mostly males involve in self medication. The number of youngsters participate in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall reply is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This shows that the greater part of the samples was undergraduate youngsters.In term of gender, majority of the youngsters who adept self-medication are males. Moreover, the sampling methods were varied among the studies, range from conv enience. The trend of self-medication is high in undergraduate youngsters as compared to the inter and metric level youngsters. Mostly Youngsters have a preference of self-medication, 63% of undergraduates, 18% of inter and only 19% of metric youngsters involve in self medication. By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication.Qualification and understanding own illnesses are not independent. So we accepted alternative hypothesis. Increasing communication chain is also one of the major reasons of increment of self medication in well qualified too. The above data was found to be good sufficient to maintain from literature review that the trend towards self medication is increasing literally. 6 CONCLUSION Self medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22.The reason is lack of time or not consulting to the doctor. Need to educate the youngsters to avoid such practice majority know that self medication is incorrect and some time cause side effect. 7 BIBLOGRAPHY Almasdy Dedy & Azmi Sherrif , (2011 ), Self-Medication Practice with Nonprescription Medication among University Students: a review of the literature, Archives of Pharmacy Practice, Vol 2, No 3, pp 95-100. Andualem Tenaw, B. 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